Difference between revisions of "Pineapples"

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{{Infobox_Fruit
 
{{Infobox_Fruit
 
| image                              = pineapples.jpg
 
| image                              = pineapples.jpg
| carrying temperature                = 10°C to 13°C (mature green)<br> 7°C to 10°C (turning) <br> 7°C (ripe)
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| carrying temperature                = 10°C to 12°C (mature green)<br> 7°C to 10°C (turning) <br> 7°C (ripe)
 
| highest freezing point              = -1,1°C
 
| highest freezing point              = -1,1°C
 
| acceptable product temp            = Max. 2°C above carrying temperature
 
| acceptable product temp            = Max. 2°C above carrying temperature
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}}
 
}}
 
==Harvesting and handling==
 
==Harvesting and handling==
The [[fruit]] is harvested while still firm (two-thirds ripe). In most varieties, the degree of ripeness of the fruit is clear from the yellowness of the skin. However, a pineapple may be fully ripe while still green on the outside. If one of the inner crown leaves can be pulled out easily, the pineapple is fully ripe. Pineapples intended for shipping are harvested when green, while those intended for immediate eating are harvested in the semi-ripe state and those intended for canning in the ripe state. Since pineapples are a non-climacteric fruit, they should not be cut before ripening begins if a good flavour and quality are to develop.
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Pineapples are graded by degree of skin coloration, size (weight), absence of defects and disease, and uniformity of these characteristics before packing. Other characteristics include maturity, firmness, nice shape, flat eyes, well-cured broken stem (peduncle), and a minimum SSC of 12%. Crown size is a crucial grade component, with a minimum size, and ratio of crown:fruit length (0.33 to 1.5) for higher grades.<br><br>
 
 
The pulp generally only reaches its full flavour if the fruit is left to ripen on the plant. The pale yellow to golden pulp is high in sugar and acids and has an excellent flavour (eating, luxury or dessert fruit).
 
 
 
Only sound fruit provided with fungicidal paste on the cut stalk may be approved for transport. Pineapples which are bruised prior to transport must be rejected, as they start to rot very rapidly.
 
 
 
Bruising, due to impact damage, is a major problem during harvesting, packing and shipping of pineapples. This injury is normally confined to the impact side of the fruit, and the damaged flesh appears slightly straw coloured.
 
 
 
 
Pineapple fruit must have a desirable size and shape, with flat ‘eyes’ (individual fruitlets) and crown leaves that look fresh and are deep-green. High shell colour is not always a good measure of sweetness. Negative characteristics include: dry, brown crown leaves; dull, yellow skin appearance; presence of mould on the surface or cut stem; and fruit having an unfirm feel.
 
Pineapple fruit must have a desirable size and shape, with flat ‘eyes’ (individual fruitlets) and crown leaves that look fresh and are deep-green. High shell colour is not always a good measure of sweetness. Negative characteristics include: dry, brown crown leaves; dull, yellow skin appearance; presence of mould on the surface or cut stem; and fruit having an unfirm feel.
 
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<br><br>
The packaging must allow sufficient ventilation of the pineapples, since stagnant air around the pineapples encourages mould growth. This is ensured by perforations in the sides and the top and bottom of the described cartons.
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Maturity indices are change of shell color from green to yellow at the base of the fruit. Pineapples are non-climacteric fruits and should be harvested when ready to eat. A minimum soluble solids content of 12% and a maximum acidity of 1% will assure minimum flavor acceptability by most consumers.<br><br>
  
 
==Cooling and storage==
 
==Cooling and storage==
At temperatures > 10°C, the crown leaves have an increased tendency to bolt. Bolted crown leaves impart a tired appearance to the fruit and diminishes its value. In addition, the tendency to fruit rot (black rot) also increases, often occurring as butt rot above the stem but also arising in the crown.
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Temperatures of 7 to 12 °C are recommended for storage of pineapples for 3-4 weeks, provided fruit are at the color break stage. A RH of 85 to 95% is recommended; a high RH significantly reduces water loss.  
 
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<br><br>
Susceptibility to chilling damage reduces as ripeness increases.
 
 
 
 
Exposure of pineapples to temperatures below 7°C results in chilling injury. Ripe fruits are less susceptible than unripe or partially-ripe fruits. Symptoms include dull green colour when ripened (failure to ripen properly), water-soaked flesh, darkening of the core tissue, increased susceptibility to decay, and wilting and discoloration of crown leaves.
 
Exposure of pineapples to temperatures below 7°C results in chilling injury. Ripe fruits are less susceptible than unripe or partially-ripe fruits. Symptoms include dull green colour when ripened (failure to ripen properly), water-soaked flesh, darkening of the core tissue, increased susceptibility to decay, and wilting and discoloration of crown leaves.
  
 
==Mixed loads==
 
==Mixed loads==
Pineapples readily absorb off-odours from [[avocados]] and green peppers. They are neither sensitive to ethylene nor great producers of ethylene. Pineapples can be shipped with citrus [[fruit]] provided the shipping temperature is suitable for both products.
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Pineapples readily absorb off-odours from [[avocados]] and green peppers. They are neither sensitive to ethylene nor great producers of ethylene. Pineapples can be shipped with citrus fruit provided the shipping temperature is suitable for both products.
 
  
 
==Cautions==
 
==Cautions==
O<SUB>2</SUB> below 2% can cause off-flavours. CO<SUB>2</SUB> above 10% can also cause off-flavours.  
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O<SUB>2</SUB> below 2% can cause off-flavours. CO<SUB>2</SUB> above 10% can also cause off-flavours. Less mature fruit are more susceptible to chilling injury and should not be kept below 10°C while ripe fruit may be held as low as 7°C.
Less mature fruit are more susceptible to chilling injury and should not be kept below 10°C while ripe fruit may be held as low as 7°C.
 
  
 
==Storage disorders==
 
==Storage disorders==
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[[Category:Fruit]]
 
 
[[Category:Perishables]]
 
[[Category:Perishables]]
 
[[Category:Products]]
 
[[Category:Products]]

Latest revision as of 15:42, 14 January 2021

Infobox on Pineapples
Example of Pineapples
Pineapples.jpg
Freshness facts
Optimum carrying temperature 10°C to 12°C (mature green)
7°C to 10°C (turning)
7°C (ripe)
Highest freezing point -1,1°C
Acceptable product temp. at loading into containers Max. 2°C above carrying temperature
Optimum humidity 90%
Ventilation setting for containers 25 m³/hr
Storage life 3-4 weeks (mature green/turning)
Climacteric / non-climacteric Non-climacteric
Ethylene production Low
Ethylene sensitivity Low
Modified / controlled atmosphere 5%-10% CO2; 2%-5% O2
Potential benefits Increased CO; slight to moderate
Reduced O2; slight
Availability
On demand

Pineapples

Harvesting and handling

Pineapples are graded by degree of skin coloration, size (weight), absence of defects and disease, and uniformity of these characteristics before packing. Other characteristics include maturity, firmness, nice shape, flat eyes, well-cured broken stem (peduncle), and a minimum SSC of 12%. Crown size is a crucial grade component, with a minimum size, and ratio of crown:fruit length (0.33 to 1.5) for higher grades.

Pineapple fruit must have a desirable size and shape, with flat ‘eyes’ (individual fruitlets) and crown leaves that look fresh and are deep-green. High shell colour is not always a good measure of sweetness. Negative characteristics include: dry, brown crown leaves; dull, yellow skin appearance; presence of mould on the surface or cut stem; and fruit having an unfirm feel.

Maturity indices are change of shell color from green to yellow at the base of the fruit. Pineapples are non-climacteric fruits and should be harvested when ready to eat. A minimum soluble solids content of 12% and a maximum acidity of 1% will assure minimum flavor acceptability by most consumers.

Cooling and storage

Temperatures of 7 to 12 °C are recommended for storage of pineapples for 3-4 weeks, provided fruit are at the color break stage. A RH of 85 to 95% is recommended; a high RH significantly reduces water loss.

Exposure of pineapples to temperatures below 7°C results in chilling injury. Ripe fruits are less susceptible than unripe or partially-ripe fruits. Symptoms include dull green colour when ripened (failure to ripen properly), water-soaked flesh, darkening of the core tissue, increased susceptibility to decay, and wilting and discoloration of crown leaves.

Mixed loads

Pineapples readily absorb off-odours from avocados and green peppers. They are neither sensitive to ethylene nor great producers of ethylene. Pineapples can be shipped with citrus fruit provided the shipping temperature is suitable for both products.

Cautions

O2 below 2% can cause off-flavours. CO2 above 10% can also cause off-flavours. Less mature fruit are more susceptible to chilling injury and should not be kept below 10°C while ripe fruit may be held as low as 7°C.

Storage disorders

Aspergillus rot, Bacterial soft rot, Black rot, Botryodiplodia rot, Core rot, Chilling injury, Internal browning, Rhizopus rot, Yeasty rot.