Difference between revisions of "Barley"

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| oil content                        = The oil content of barley is approx. 2%.
 
| oil content                        = The oil content of barley is approx. 2%.
 
| ventilation                        = Recommended ventilation conditions: surface ventilation (see text)
 
| ventilation                        = Recommended ventilation conditions: surface ventilation (see text)
| risk factors                        = *CO<sub>2</sub>Gases* Temperature; favorable travel temperature range: no lower limit - 20°C. Molds reach optimum activity at temperatures of between 20 and 30°C. In addition, at temperatures > 25°C, metabolic processes increase, leading to increased CO<sup>2</sup> production and self-heating of the barley
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| risk factors                        = <ul><li>CO<sub>2</sub> Gases</li><li>Temperature; favorable travel temperature range: no lower limit - 20°C. Molds reach optimum activity at temperatures of between 20 and 30°C. In addition, at temperatures > 25°C, metabolic processes increase, leading to increased CO<sub>2</sub> production and self-heating of the barley</li><li>Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion</li><li>Odour</li><li>Contamination</li><li>Mechanical influences</li><li>Shrinkage/Shortage; evaporation may cause weight losses of at most 0.5%.</li><li>Insect infestation / Diseases</li></ul>
* Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion
 
* Odor
 
* Contamination
 
* Mechanical influences
 
* Shrinkage/Shortage; evaporation may cause weight losses of at most 0.5%.
 
* Insect infestation / Diseases
 
 
}}
 
}}
==Description==
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==Description (See also [[Grain]])==
Barley is a type of cereal belonging to the grass family, the term "cereals" covering the [[grain]] fruits of cultivated grasses (spikes or ears in the case of [[wheat]], [[rye]], barley and [[corn]]; panicles in the case of [[oats]] and [[rice]]).<br>
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Barley is a common staple in human and animal diets. Part of the grass family, barley grows in over 100 countries and is one of the most popular cereal crops, surpassed only by [[wheat]], [[corn]] and rice. It is currently popular in temperate areas where it is grown as a summer crop and tropical areas where it is sown as a winter crop. Its germination time is one to three days. Barley grows under cool conditions, but is not particularly winter hardy. Barley has a short growing season and is also relatively drought tolerant<br><br>
Barley is not only grown in the summer, but also in the winter.
 
The structure and chemical composition of the [[grain]] vary little between the different types of cereal. <br><br>
 
 
 
It consists of three components: <br>
 
its cracked husk, the endosperm, which constitutes the main component of the grain and the embryo.<br><br>
 
 
 
After harvesting, barley usually undergoes further post-ripening. As the surface of the cereal then becomes damp because of the elevated water content, this is described as "sweating. In this state, the cereal is highly susceptible to mold and should not as yet be shipped. However, if the water content of the cereal is relatively low (approx. 13 - 14%), proper storage allows the sweat moisture to be absorbed by the air without the risk of mold growth. This sweating process proceeds for a period of approximately 1 - 2 months.<br><br>
 
 
 
Prior to loading, checks should be carried out and a certificate provided in relation to the moisture content, the absence of odor and contamination and the absence of pests.<br><br>
 
Excessively damp and incompletely ripened grain may be liable to self-heating, elevated respiratory activity, mold growth and fermentation during transport.<br>
 
The storage potential of barley which is "dry for shipment" may be up to 12 months or longer provided that the appropriate temperature, humidity/moisture and ventilation conditions are complied with.<br><br>
 
  
 
==Applications==
 
==Applications==
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==Shipping/storage==
 
==Shipping/storage==
Barley is chiefly transported as bulk cargo and only sometimes in bags (seed). <br><br>
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Barley is chiefly transported as [[Bulk Cargo]] and only sometimes in bags (seed). <br><br>
<b>Stowage space requirements</b><br>
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Cool, dry, good ventilation. <br><br>
 
 
==Humidity/Moisture==
 
==Humidity/Moisture==
Problems of moisture may be avoided by adequate pre-drying of the barley. This is the best way of reducing the activity (respiration) of the grain and removing the nutrient medium for mold growth and spoilage processes. The necessary level of dryness is approx. 11 - 14% water content, which is at equilibrium with relative humidity of up to 70% at 25°C. The mold growth threshold is reached at a water content of 15% (75% relative humidity). In cold transport regions, a relative humidity of 70% would be at equilibrium and the barley would not sustain any damage even at that level. At 16 - 17% water content, the sorption isotherm climbs sharply, implicating that equilibrium moisture contents of > 80% very rapidly produce an excessively damp atmosphere.<br><br>
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The best way of reducing the activity (respiration) of the [[grain]] and avoiding mold growth and spoilage processes is adequate pre-drying of the barley to approx. 11 - 14% moisture content.<br><br>
  
Individual clusters of damp product could initiate considerable damage to the cargo. The barley in such clusters has a tendency to self-heating. Damp (sweating) barley then appears in the boundary layers, so allowing the process to develop further. Such clusters may form, for example, in too freshly harvested product or where damp goods have been loaded.
 
<br><br>
 
Prior to loading, the loading moisture content should be checked by an independent inspector and a certificate provided.
 
<br><br>
 
 
<b>Ventilation</b><br>
 
<b>Ventilation</b><br>
Recommended ventilation conditions: surface ventilation. Ventilation of cereals depends on water content: goods with a water content of < 13% and equilibrium moisture contents of < 70% do not need to be ventilated.
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At < 13% moisture contents (and RH of < 70%) barley does not need to be ventilated.
 
<br><br>
 
<br><br>
Up to a water content of 15%, surface ventilation is recommended, such to dissipate CO<sub>2</sub>, heat and moisture. Concurrently, care should be taken to ensure that the surfaces are not cooled too much, to prevent the formation of damp boundary layers beneath the cargo surface.
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Up to moisture contents of 15%, adequate surface ventilation is advisable but not too cold to avoid damp superficial layers beneath the cargo surface. When there is a significant temperature gradient between the cargo and the external temperature, ventilation should be restricted.<br><br>
<br><br>
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Cereals loaded in a too moist condition cannot be protected from spoilage by ship's ventilation system.<br><br>
Barley releases water vapor constantly, which needs to be dissipated by ventilation. However, caution is advisable on voyages from hot to cold regions (e.g. South America to N. Europe). Barley which is not dry for shipment has a particular tendency to self-heating and the flow of heat from the cargo counteracts external cooling, so resulting in the formation of significant temperature gradients in the superficial layers of the cargo. Concurrently, water vapor flows from the inside of the cargo to the surface. In the case of simultaneous cooling of the surface by ventilation, the relative humidity increases in the superficial layers of the cargo. If dry fresh air is used for ventilation, a dry surface layer several centimeters thick is obtained, which creates the impression that the cargo is free of all defects. Beneath this is then a damp intermediate layer of adverse cereal which is starting to decompose, coagulate and swollen.
 
<br><br>
 
In order to avoid cargo damage caused by such moist intermediate layers, the fresh air supply must be restricted when there is an excessive temperature differential between the cargo and the external temperature.
 
<br><br>
 
It is impossible to ensure proper airing throughout a bulk cargo of cereals. Even when ventilation is carried out, the relative humidity of the immobile air between the individual cereal grains is determined by the product's water content. For this reason, drying-out caused by ventilation is generally only superficial.
 
<br><br>
 
As a result, cereal loaded in an excessively moist state cannot be dried and protected from spoilage by a ship's ventilation installation.<br><br>
 
 
 
  
 
Note: <i>(Source including Transport Information Service of the GDV)</i>
 
Note: <i>(Source including Transport Information Service of the GDV)</i>

Latest revision as of 09:04, 19 November 2012

Infobox on Barley
Example of Barley
Barley.jpg
Facts
Origin This Table shows only a selection of the most important countries of origin and should not be thought of as exhaustive
  • Europe: Denmark, Sweden, other EU countries
  • Africa
  • Asia
  • America: Argentina, Northern USA, Canada
  • Australia: Australia
Stowage factor (in m3/t)
  • 1.42 - 1.84 m3/t (bulk cargo)
  • 1.39 - 1.87 m3/t (bags)
Angle of repose Approx. 25° (average value)
Humidity / moisture
  • Relative humidity: 70%
  • Water content: 11 - 14%
  • Maximum equilibrium moisture content: 70%
Oil content The oil content of barley is approx. 2%.
Ventilation Recommended ventilation conditions: surface ventilation (see text)
Risk factors
  • CO2 Gases
  • Temperature; favorable travel temperature range: no lower limit - 20°C. Molds reach optimum activity at temperatures of between 20 and 30°C. In addition, at temperatures > 25°C, metabolic processes increase, leading to increased CO2 production and self-heating of the barley
  • Self-heating / Spontaneous combustion
  • Odour
  • Contamination
  • Mechanical influences
  • Shrinkage/Shortage; evaporation may cause weight losses of at most 0.5%.
  • Insect infestation / Diseases

Barley

Description (See also Grain)

Barley is a common staple in human and animal diets. Part of the grass family, barley grows in over 100 countries and is one of the most popular cereal crops, surpassed only by wheat, corn and rice. It is currently popular in temperate areas where it is grown as a summer crop and tropical areas where it is sown as a winter crop. Its germination time is one to three days. Barley grows under cool conditions, but is not particularly winter hardy. Barley has a short growing season and is also relatively drought tolerant

Applications

It serves as a major animal fodder, a source of fermentable material for beer and certain distilled beverages, and as a component of various health foods. It is used in soups and stews, and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt in a traditional and ancient method of preparation.

Shipping/storage

Barley is chiefly transported as Bulk Cargo and only sometimes in bags (seed).

Humidity/Moisture

The best way of reducing the activity (respiration) of the grain and avoiding mold growth and spoilage processes is adequate pre-drying of the barley to approx. 11 - 14% moisture content.

Ventilation
At < 13% moisture contents (and RH of < 70%) barley does not need to be ventilated.

Up to moisture contents of 15%, adequate surface ventilation is advisable but not too cold to avoid damp superficial layers beneath the cargo surface. When there is a significant temperature gradient between the cargo and the external temperature, ventilation should be restricted.

Cereals loaded in a too moist condition cannot be protected from spoilage by ship's ventilation system.

Note: (Source including Transport Information Service of the GDV)